Understanding Glaucoma: Rutgers Health Experts on Early Detection and Prevention

Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness, affecting millions of adults in the United States. Often referred to as the “silent thief of sight,” this group of eye diseases damages the optic nerve, typically due to high pressure inside the eye. The challenge lies in its nature: glaucoma progresses without pain or noticeable symptoms in its early stages. By the time an individual notices a change in their vision, significant and permanent damage may have already occurred.

Recognizing the critical need for public education, experts from Rutgers Health are emphasizing the importance of early detection, particularly during Glaucoma Awareness Month. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more than 3 million people in the U.S. are affected by glaucoma. Understanding your risk and the necessity of routine eye examinations are the most effective steps you can take to protect your sight.

What is Glaucoma and Why is Early Detection Crucial?

Glaucoma is not a single disease but a collection of eye conditions that harm the optic nerve, which is essential for good vision. This damage is often caused by abnormally high pressure in the eye, known as intraocular pressure (IOP). While high eye pressure is the primary risk factor, it is not the only one, and optic nerve damage can occur even with normal pressure levels.

As Dr. Albert S. Khouri, a professor of ophthalmology and director of the glaucoma service at Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, explains, the painless and gradual nature of glaucoma makes it particularly dangerous. Vision loss typically begins with the periphery, or side vision, and progresses slowly inward. Patients often do not notice these changes until the disease is advanced.

The American Academy of Ophthalmology recommends that adults with no risk factors have a comprehensive eye exam at age 40, followed by exams every one to two years after age 65. However, if you have risk factors, you should be screened earlier and more frequently. Early detection is the single most powerful tool for managing the disease. When diagnosed early, treatments such as prescription eye drops, laser procedures, or surgery can effectively lower eye pressure and halt or significantly slow the progression of vision loss.

Identifying Your Risk Factors for Glaucoma

While anyone can develop glaucoma, certain populations are at a significantly higher risk. Understanding these factors can help you and your doctor create a proactive screening schedule. Key risk factors include:

• Age: The risk of glaucoma increases significantly with age, particularly for individuals over 60.
• Race and Ethnicity: Research shows that Black and Hispanic/Latino individuals have a higher genetic predisposition to developing glaucoma. For these groups, the disease can also be more severe and progress more rapidly.
• Family History: Glaucoma has a strong genetic link. If a close relative, such as a parent or sibling, has glaucoma, your risk is substantially higher.
• Medical Conditions: Conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease can increase your risk.
• Steroid Use: Long-term use of steroid medications, particularly corticosteroid eye drops, can elevate eye pressure.
• Previous Eye Injury: A history of eye trauma or surgery can lead to secondary glaucoma.

Recognizing the Symptoms (or Lack Thereof)

The most important thing to understand about glaucoma symptoms is that there often are none in the early stages. This is precisely why it is called the “silent thief of sight.” It is not a disease you can self-diagnose. Blurry vision, halos around lights, and eye pain are typically signs of advanced glaucoma or an acute angle-closure glaucoma attack, which is a medical emergency.

The only way to detect glaucoma before vision loss occurs is through a comprehensive dilated eye exam. During this exam, an ophthalmologist will:

1. Measure your intraocular pressure (tonometry).
2. Examine your optic nerve for damage (ophthalmoscopy).
3. Test your peripheral vision (visual field test).
4. Measure your corneal thickness (pachymetry).
5. Inspect the drainage angle of your eye (gonioscopy).

These tests are painless and quick, but they provide a complete picture of your eye health and are essential for a definitive diagnosis.

How Rutgers Health is Advancing Glaucoma Care and Community Outreach

Rutgers Health is at the forefront of both clinical care and research, working to combat glaucoma on multiple fronts. The Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science at Rutgers New Jersey Medical School provides state-of-the-art diagnostic and treatment services at University Hospital in Newark. Their multidisciplinary approach ensures that patients receive comprehensive care, from advanced imaging for early detection to the latest surgical interventions, including micro-incisional glaucoma surgery and laser therapies.

Beyond the clinic, Rutgers Health is committed to addressing health disparities. Glaucoma disproportionately affects minority communities, and Rutgers actively conducts community outreach programs to provide glaucoma and vision screenings in high-risk areas across New Jersey.

Furthermore, Rutgers faculty are dedicated to research that pushes the boundaries of what is possible. Current clinical trials are investigating new medications that target the trabecular meshwork—the eye’s drainage system—and exploring innovative implants that provide a slow, steady release of medication. Researchers at the Rutgers telemedicine laboratory are also publishing groundbreaking studies on the use of artificial intelligence and digital imaging protocols to improve the speed and accuracy of early detection.

Your Action Plan for Protecting Your Vision

Glaucoma is a serious condition, but it is manageable with vigilance and professional care. You can take concrete steps today to protect your sight for the future:

1. Know Your Risk: Assess your personal risk factors based on your age, race, and family history.
2. Schedule an Exam: If you are at high risk or over the age of 40, book a comprehensive eye exam with an ophthalmologist. Make this a regular part of your healthcare routine.
3. Follow Treatment Plans: If you are diagnosed, adhere strictly to your prescribed treatment, whether it’s eye drops or another therapy. Consistency is key to preventing further damage.
4. Maintain a Healthy Lifestyle: Regular exercise and a balanced diet can support overall health, including the health of your eyes.

By staying informed and proactive, you can effectively manage the risk of glaucoma and preserve your quality of life. Don’t let the silent thief of sight go undetected.